Susan M. Schneider 1. 454468, 2012. In 2019, 10,142 people died in drunken-driving crashes. L. Li, Z. Liu, and X. The most common distraction research is on cell phone call operations, which is a continuous and cumulative distraction process, and the research usually focuses on hand-held and hands-free calls. Therefore, this article was designed to simulate driving in two traffic conditions of free flow and congested flow on urban expressways and to collect eye movement indicators under two driving conditions of hands-free and video call, in order to explore the visual behavior characteristics of drivers during distracted driving, quantify the risk of driving behavior, and provide the theoretical basis for drivers visual behavior correction and driving safety. In order to ensure the validity and comparability of the data, the 30s data of each secondary task completed by the subjects were respectively collected for analysis, and the 30s data of the subjects in the normal driving state without secondary task were intercepted as the control group. Combined with the mechanical division method, the fixation area was divided into six parts, in which: A is the left rear view mirror; B is the road ahead, which is the main focus area during driving; C is the distant areas of the road ahead; D is the vehicle dashboard area; E is the cell phone placement area of the central console; and F is the right rear view mirror. Lytxs scale and enduring commitment to customer-centered innovation has allowed us to create the best edge-detection and alerting technology in the industry, said Brandon Nixon, Lytx chairman and CEO. The subjects had relatively free operation rights such as acceleration, deceleration, and braking, but were not allowed to overtake the LV. Drivers in the UAE engage in risky behaviours and they are highly distracted. 128, no. 830846, 2022. 4, pp. J. Yang, C. Liu, P. Chu, X. Wen, and Y. Zhang, Exploration of the relationships between hazard perception and eye movement for young drivers, Journal of Advanced Transportation, vol. The mean value of the correlation coefficient of the corresponding elements of the comparison sequence and the reference sequence is calculated to reflect its association with the reference sequence, which is called the correlation degree, as shown in the following equation: The larger the , the lower sensitive the th driving state is to the influence of the evaluation indicator. Finally, the grey correlation analysis method was introduced to verify the assessment effect of VSC. Wearing a seat belt reduces the risk of serious injury or death in a crash by up to 50 percent. Just like off base, erratic behavior such as changing lanes without use of a turn signal, weaving in between traffic, running red lights, driving on the shoulder, and not stopping while a pedestrian is in the crosswalk are prohibited and can result in your driving privileges being suspended or revoked. K. Tahkoubit, H. Shaiek, D. Roviras, S. Faci, and A. Ali-Pacha, Generalized iterative dichotomy PAPR reduction method for multicarrier waveforms, IEEE Access, vol. With the continuous innovation and development of intelligent terminals and communication technologies, the equipment of various electronic devices in the car provides convenience and simultaneously makes the potential sources of distraction for drivers continue to grow, and the demand for multitasking significantly increases [5, 6]. Distracted driving led to 10,546 fatalities, 1.3 million nonfatal injuries and $98.2 billion in economic costs in 2019. In two traffic conditions, compared to the normal driving state, the VSC generally decreased when drivers were distracted, and the decrease in VSC during video calls was significantly higher than that of hands-free calls, indicating that the video call had a greater negative impact on drivers driving safety. K. L. Young, P. M. Salmon, and M. Cornelissen, Missing links? Recent studies suggest that human-like driving behavior emerges from embedding risk in AV motion planning algorithms. F. You, H. Tu, Y. Gong, H. Wang, and J. Xu, Influence of mobile phone social entertainment operation on driver's visual parameters, Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology, vol. N. Zhao, B. Reimer, B. Mehler, L. A. 9, pp. Texting. Compared with the normal driving state, most drivers were in a state of cognitive distraction during the hands-free call, narrowing their field of view and reducing the breadth and depth of their search for information about the surrounding road conditions. This is an open access article distributed under the, Construction of original data matrix. The lower the VSC, the worse the drivers visual stability, resulting in greater driving risk. Hierarchical clustering results of fixation points. Intentional red-light running (48%) vs alcohol-only (32%) Texting while driving (40%) vs. alcohol-only (21%) Unsurprisingly, the study found drivers who neither As a new universal indicator, it can better quantify the level of visual load of drivers and measure visual comfort. Comparison of drivers pupil area during normal driving in different traffic conditions. Question: The IEFA was mainly distributed from 0.769 to 1.842bits in the free flow scenario and from 0.828 to 1.672bits in the congested flow scenario. Here's eveything you need to know about the dangers of drink-driving. 119, pp. A. Moustafa, Pupil dilation as an indicator of future thinking, Neurological Sciences, vol. During the test, the SV in the congested traffic flow needed to maintain a low-speed driving state, allowing overtaking and lane change. Read about the penalties for talking and texting on a cell phone while driving. Copyright 2023 CarInsurance.com. 21, no. By calculating the variation coefficient of each evaluation indicator, the internal variability of the indicator is characterized by the degree of data dispersion. All Rights Reserved. Reduced effectiveness of occupant protection equipment. Manufacturing fear-based trigger-happyresponses to innocent behavior can be deadly. And in 2021, 13 state legislatures are considering medical or adult-use marijuana legalization bills. The IEFA of the drivers in different driving states under two traffic conditions was calculated, as shown in Figure 4. The subjects wore and calibrated the eye tracker with the help of the staff, followed by a 10min pretest to get used to the wearing of the eye tracker and the control of the vehicle. Lytx connects all the dots to reveal a clear and actionable view of your fleet that helps you and your drivers save time, reduce costs, improve safety, and deliver the very best for your customers. 4, pp. The rankings and listings of our reviews, tools and all other content are based on objective analysis, and we fully own our opinions. M. I. Santos, P. Oliveira, and A. P. C. Larocca, Investigation the influence of risk factors on the occurrence of road accidents using the driver performance model, Transportation in Developing Economies, vol. Du, Improvement of analytic hierarchy process based on grey correlation model and its engineering application, ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems Part A-Civil Engineering, vol. G. M. Fitch, S. A. Soccolich, F. Guo et al., The impact of hand-held and hands-free cell phone use on driving performance and safety-critical event risk, in National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC, USA, 2013. Can you name them all? Prevalence of Self-Reported Impaired Driving Behaviors in Relation to Alcohol and Marijuana Use in a Sample of 2,710 U.S. Currently, the design of distracted driving scenarios for cell phone operation focuses on basic test scenarios such as highways, rural roads, and urban roads, which usually control single traffic conditions for test studies [32]. 10, pp. Normalize the information quantity. and (mm2) are the pupil area at time and time when the driver is in the free driving state which is not affected by the road speed limit and other vehicles in the pretest, and is the sample size taken in the 30s data window of the pretest. H. Chen, Y. Zhao, and X. Ma, Critical factors analysis of severe traffic accidents based on bayesian network in China, Journal of Advanced Transportation, vol. According to the evaluation criteria of visual stability based on the cluster analysis, the percentage of drivers VSC in each interval for different traffic conditions and driving states is shown in Figure 9. H. Y. W. Chen, L. Hoekstra-Atwood, and B. Donmez, Voluntary- and involuntary-distraction engagement: an exploratory study of individual differences, Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, vol. The correlation coefficients of the corresponding elements of each comparison sequence and the reference sequence are calculated, respectively, as follows:where is the resolution coefficient, , and according to the algorithm experience, set =0.5. Since there are often differences in the scale and order of magnitude of visual characteristics indicators, the use of standard deviation cannot accurately reflect the degree of variation of the indicators. Also, safe driver and other discounts may have been applied to achieve the advertised rate, which may not be available to the average consumer. 1, p. 10, 2022. In addition, the correlation coefficient between indicators may be negative, resulting in errors in the evaluation results. The VSC calculation equation is as follows:where denotes the VSC, is the weight coefficient of the th visual characteristics indicator, and is the data of the th visual characteristics indicator of the th driver after standardized processing. M. Wang and J. Zeng, Hierarchical clustering nodes collaborative scheduling in wireless sensor network, IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. Drivers, Weighted to Represent U.S. Driving Population Ages 16 and Older. 61, pp. Percentage of VSC in each interval for different traffic conditions and driving states. There have been many years of evolving policies to reduce the instances of this behavior, and it is a combination of stricter enforcement and serious penalties.. Here are the NHTSAs consequences of speeding: Speeding can affect your auto insurance rates as well drivers will pay rates of 22% to 30% higher premiums on average following a speeding ticket and these rates could be in effect for three years. 22, no. The lighter the color, the lower the VSC, the worse the drivers visual stability, and the greater the driving risk. Therefore, the hierarchical clustering method combined with the mechanical division method was used to divide the drivers fixation area. (2)Data standardization processing. L. Qin, Y. Shi, Y. The driving states had a significant influence on IEFA, while the traffic conditions and the interaction between the traffic conditions and the driving states had no significant influence on IEFA. The results showed that there was statistically significant when divided into four categories (=563.469, =3.8261064), and the results of the cluster analysis are shown in Table 13. Nowadays, many countries regulate the use of cell phones while driving and most explicitly prohibit hand-held calls, but there are no clear requirements for other cell phone call methods [27, 28]. A. Fernandez, R. Usamentiaga, J. L. Carus, and R. Casado, Driver distraction using visual-based sensors and algorithms, Sensors, vol. N. M. Yusoff, R. F. Ahmad, C. Guillet, A. S. Malik, N. M. Saad, and F. Merienne, Selection of measurement method for detection of driver visual cognitive distraction: a review, IEEE Access, vol. J. Zhang, Y. Wang, and G. Lu, Extended desired safety margin car-following model that considers variation of historical perceived risk and acceptable risk, Transportation Research Record, vol. X. Yang, F. Wang, Y. Wang, T. Zhao, C. Gao, and X. Hu, Are pupils the window of our mind? The variables involved in the test are shown in Table 1. Firstly, four visual characteristics indicators that were highly sensitive to traffic conditions and driving states were selected in terms of visual field range, visual recognition, visual search, and visual load, which were the information entropy of fixation area (IEFA), saccade amplitude, peak-to-average ratio of saccade velocity (PARSV), and relative change intensity of pupil area (RCPA). This risk-taking includes dangerous driving (e.g. 494500, 2019. 575588, 2018. Cell phone call operations during driving can lead to distraction and cause potential safety hazards. WASHINGTON, D.C. (April 13, 2021) People who use both alcohol and marijuana are some of the most dangerous drivers on the road they are significantly more likely to speed, text, intentionally run red lights, and drive aggressively than those who dont, according to data from the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. Learn about best practices and get solutions to common fleet management challenges. By calculating the correlation coefficient between evaluation indicators and taking the absolute value, the conflict between indicators is measured. Stress and Emotional Strain While not often discussed in correlation with driving, stress and emotional strain can have a major impact on decision-making, reaction time and situational awareness. It seems as if this practice has become epidemic. The mean value of the correlation coefficient of the corresponding elements of the comparison sequence and the reference sequence is calculated to reflect its association with the reference sequence, which is called the correlation degree, as shown in the following equation. (b) CFS. Economic implications of a speed-related crash. The original data of each evaluation indicator are standardized as follows: The standardized data matrix is constructed, as shown in the following equation: Indicator variability analysis. A new AAA study found a troubling increase in unsafe driving behaviors from 2020 to 2021. The report on the economic impact of crashes also touched on the risky driving behaviors that lead to crashes, fatalities, serious injuries and property damage. The calculation equation of indicator conflict is as follows: Calculation of indicator information quantity. In order to quantitatively characterize the influence of different types of cell phone calls operating on drivers' visual behavior and to analyze the level of risk state in the process of distracted driving from the visual level, three types of indicators except the IEFA were selected in free flow, and all four types of indicators were selected in the congested flow as the basis for evaluating the drivers driving risk level. 2, pp. In automated driving, risk describes potential harm to passengers of an autonomous vehicle (AV) and other road users. If you encounter a dangerous driver, maintain space around your vehicle and contact 9-1-1 if needed. The effects of distraction on driver situation awareness, Safety Science, vol. The eye movement data of drivers during normal driving, hands-free call, and video call under two typical traffic conditions of free flow and congested flow on the urban expressway were collected. Risky driving behaviors increase as common sleep disorder worsens Diagnosing, treating sleep apnea may make driving safer for older adults by Tamara Bhandari April 14, 2022 Getty Images Up to half of older adults may have sleep apnea, a condition in which breathing and sleep are briefly interrupted many times a night. Firstly, the drivers fixation area was divided into six parts by using the combination of the hierarchical clustering method and mechanical division method. Risky driving behavior does not have to result in a crash or collision to have serious negative consequences. Ages 16-18: 69.3 percent. Risky driving behavior No. According to the calculation results of VSC, the K-means clustering method was used to classify drivers VSC into four categories and determine the interval range of four visual stability types [57]. 56, no. 3643, 2013. Comparison of drivers saccade amplitude for each driving state in different traffic conditions. The distracted driving test platform was built based on driving simulation technology, and the developed simulation scenarios were imported into the driving simulator, with the operation control platform for scenario fusion and system debugging work to complete the platform construction, combined with the eye tracker and the supporting Begaze analysis software for driving simulation tests. (2)Determine the reference sequence and comparison sequence. And, yes, police interactions can be risky, but the people driving these vehicles are choosing to experience a police interaction when they brazenly break the law with their anti-social behavior and modified vehicles. Our unrivaled Driver Safety Program, powered by our best-in-class DriveCamEvent Recorder, is proven to help save lives and reduce risk.